Voluntary control means that the power to decide resides within the individual: the person is capable of making a conscious decision and implementing it. For present purposes, it can be understood as indicating that the person is capable of choosing between performing the action and not performing it. It encompasses choosing, initiating action on one's own, and accepting responsibility for one's chosen actions. It is related to the term agent, as in someone who acts. The core issue here is voluntary control of behavior: Do cigarette smokers lose voluntary control of their smoking insofar as they become addicted? Or do they remain responsible and in control, simply choosing to pursue the pleasures and satisfactions associated with smoking?Īgency is the capacity to initiate and control action. The difference between these positions has extensive implications for psychological and philosophical theory, for motivation, for drug treatment and intervention policies, for legal assignment of responsibility, and for government policy.ĭefinitions of key terms in this matter can be contentious. The opposing position is that smoking remains voluntary behavior that the person chooses to continue or not (e.g., Lewis, 2016).
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Volkow (2015) has even defined addiction as a disease of free will. A central dispute is whether regular smoking brings about a change in the person that impels him or her to continue smoking, in effect depriving the person of voluntary control over his or her behavior (at least in connection with smoking). It is now generally accepted that cigarette smoking is addictive. Tobacco addiction is probably the most common and problematic form of addiction worldwide, especially given its adverse health effects that include millions of premature deaths. This article examines the question of whether addiction impairs or even destroys free will, based on a review of the research literature on smoking cigarettes. Views of addiction have continued to evolve and change, driven variously by societal trends, medical opinion, and research findings.